Methodology

Integrity and corruption risks were identified through a structured review of academic literature, policy papers, practitioner guidance, and case studies. The review drew on publications from leading international organisations, including the IMF, the World Bank, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the G20, and the Blue Dot Network.

The literature review also considered practical tools and guidance developed by industry bodies and international initiatives. This included FIDIC, the International Organization for Standardization – ISO, and the Global Infrastructure Anti-Corruption Centre – GIACC.

The review adopted a balanced approach combining depth and breadth to ensure a representative analysis, prioritising sources that set out phase-specific corruption and integrity risks, operational mitigation measures, red flags, and evidence requirements.

For each phase of the infrastructure lifecycle, an initial set of three to eight prioritised risks was identified. Selection was guided by three criteria: (i) materiality, reflecting potential impacts on value-for-money, service delivery, safety, and public trust; (ii) likelihood, based on how frequently risks are observed across contexts; and (iii) actionability, considering the practical scope for stakeholders to mitigate the risk.

Each risk was then mapped across four stakeholder groups (companies, investors, public authorities, and civil society), recognising that decision points, exposure pathways, observable red flags, and mitigation measures differ across actors.

Stakeholder validation was undertaken to test the relevance of the prioritised risks and mitigation measures. Feedback from surveys, interviews, and expert consultations informed the refinement of both the risk roadmap and the supporting resource database.

As a living platform, the Infrastructure Integrity Tookbox continues to evolve through contributions from its users. Stakeholders can contribute resources and case studies, helping ensure the platform remains current, practical, and responsive to emerging integrity challenges and evolving good practice.