Independent technical due diligence and monitoring

• Insider trading in land and right of way (misuse of confidential route/site information)
• Design and technical specifications tailored to preferred bidders
• Design imprecision (overdesign or incomplete specifications), gold plating, and scope inflation
• Bribery for favourable impact assessments
• Insufficient disclosure of designs, assumptions, and the rationale for changes
• False invoicing, overbilling and theft of materials during execution
• Manipulated change orders and variation claims to extract rents
• Bribery for payment certificates, inspection and acceptance of works
• Fraudulent quality assurance and safety non‑compliance
• Non-delivery and ghost works
• Manipulated progress reporting and concealment of delays or defects
• Bribery, collusion and intimidation in O&M contract awards and renewals
• Ghost operations (fictitious maintenance, parts, or labour)
• Bribery in service connections, tariffs and customer service
• Political influence in maintenance prioritisation
• Weak records management and lack of transparent performance data

Investors